What's in a Mortgage Payment?

A monthly mortgage payment includes at least two parts: an amount that goes toward the principal of the loan (the money you've borrowed) and a second amount that goes toward interest (the cost of borrowing the money).

For most homeowners, however, there is also a third part of the mortgage payment: an amount that is paid into an escrow account that the lender maintains for you to pay for things like homeowners hazard insurance, property taxes, condominium and association fees and mortgage insurance (if applicable). This is the element of the monthly payment that can go up or down even in a fixed-rate mortgage.

Together, these elements are called PITI:

• P — Principal
• I — Interest
• T — Taxes
• I — Insurance

Your tax and insurance costs
Homeowners must pay property taxes and they must have some type of homeowners insurance. Depending on state laws and other variables, most lenders require homeowners to pay into what is called an "escrow account." In this account, the lender or mortgage servicer keeps enough money to cover your property taxes and homeowners insurance. You pay into this account each month as part of your mortgage payment. When your taxes are due, the lender/servicer pays them for you. The same is true for your insurance.

The lender/servicer sends you a periodic statement showing how much is in this account. You can compare the statement with your property tax bill and your homeowners policy to ensure that the right amount is being held to cover the payments. The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), which is enforced by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is the major law covering escrow accounts.

It is important to maintain the required property insurance on your home. If you don't, your lender/servicer can buy insurance on your behalf. This type of policy is known as "force placed insurance"; it usually is more expensive than typical insurance, and it provides less coverage.

If you're buying a house, most sellers disclose the amount of the annual property taxes on the house when it is listed for sale. If they don't, you can easily get this information from your local property tax assessor. A local insurance agent can give you an idea of the annual insurance cost. Divide each of these numbers by 12 and add them to the principal and interest to get the estimated total monthly payment.

What is private mortgage insurance?
If a buyer puts down less than 20 percent of the selling price on the mortgage, lenders may require the buyer to buy another type of insurance called private mortgage insurance (PMI). This provides insurance to the lender in case the buyer is not able to repay the loan and the lender is not able to recover costs after foreclosing the loan and selling the property.

The annual cost of PMI can vary but usually is between .19 percent and 1 percent of the total loan value, depending on the loan terms and loan type. PMI can be paid up front but most buyers prefer that it be included in their mortgage payment. The cost can vary based on several factors that include: loan amount, loan-to-value ratio, occupancy (primary home, second home, investment property), documentation provided at loan origination, and probably most of all credit score.

Once the principal of the loan reaches 80 percent (the owner has 20 percent equity in the home), the PMI is usually no longer required and can be canceled, although you may have to prove your equity by having a new appraisal done to show that the house is worth at least 20 percent more than you owe on it. (Note: Some lenders may require that PMI be paid for a fixed period even if the principal reaches 80 percent.) The cancellation request must come from the servicer (the company you send your mortgage payment to) of the mortgage to the PMI company that issued the insurance.

Note: PMI may be waived or avoided through some types of government or other loans. Check with your lender to determine your situation.

A PITI Payment with PMI
Maria and George have found a home that costs $150,000. They are able to make a downpayment of 5 percent, or $7,500. The annual property taxes are $1,650 and the annual homeowners insurance is $780. These payments are made in monthly installments in their mortgage and are held in an escrow account. When their taxes and insurance are due, the lender (or mortgage servicer) makes the payments for them.

Because their downpayment is less than 20 percent, Maria and George will pay PMI as part of the mortgage payment. With a 30-year fixed mortgage and an interest rate of 6 percent, the PITI with PMI is as follows:

• Principal and Interest (P and I): $854.36
  
• Monthly Property Taxes (T): $137.50
  
• Monthly Property Insurance (I): $65.00
  
• Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI): $85.50
  
• Total payment: $1,142.36

Making bi-weekly payments
Paying half your mortgage every two weeks instead of a full payment once a month can be done with most any type of loan but is most common with a 30-year fixed-rate loan. Doing so pays your mortgage more quickly because you pay the equivalent of 13 months of payments each year. For people who can budget to make a half-payment every two weeks, this offers more rapid building of equity. You can choose to do this on your own. Many people have it automatically deducted from their checking accounts.

Because your payments are applied to the loan every 14 days, the principal amount decreases faster, saving you more in interest costs. Your loan term shortens to 22 or 23 years, providing a substantial decrease in total interest costs. For example:

Monthly mortgage payment (12 months/12 payments): $997
Interest paid over the life of the loan: $209,263
Paid off in 30 years

Half payment (13 months/26 payments): $498 ($997 / 2)
Interest paid over the life of the loan: $155,938
Paid off in 22-23 years

Interest savings over the life of the loan are $53,325 – paid off in 22-23 years instead of 30 years!

Paying additional principal
Another option — if you can afford a slightly higher monthly payment — is to achieve the same savings with monthly payments. To do this, you would need to pay an extra amount of principal to your total mortgage each month. Using the above example, with a mortgage payment of $997, you would add $83 a month ($997 divided by 12) toward the principal (You will need to specify the extra amount for "principal only" on your payment.), making your payment $1,080. The interest savings would be the same and the loan would be paid off about seven years early, but you wouldn’t have to commit to making payments every two weeks.

Qualifying for a Mortgage

To some potential buyers, particularly first-time buyers, the prospect of meeting a mortgage lender may seem a little scary. Lenders ask a lot of questions because they want to help you get a mortgage. If you work with a lender before you decide on a home, you will know whether you’ll qualify for a mortgage large enough to finance the home you want.
It may seem that your lender needs to know everything about you for the application, but actually all the lender needs to know about is employment, finances and information about the home you’re buying (but you can be pre-approved before you choose a home). You will, however, need to provide quite a few details about these topics. The goal is to arrive at a monthly payment you can afford without creating financial hardships. Here's an idea of what lenders consider when they are qualifying you for a loan:

Your household income and expenses

Lenders look at your income in ways other than the total amount; how you earn it is also important. For example, income from bonuses, commissions and overtime can vary from year to year. If these sources make up a large percentage of your income, your lender will want to know how reliable they are.

Your lender will also consider the relationship between your income and expenses. Generally, your fixed housing expenses (mortgage payment, insurance and property taxes, but not repairs or maintenance) should not be more than 28 percent of your gross monthly income, although this is not an absolute rule. Your lender will also consider other long-term debts, such as car loans or college loans. It is a good idea to bring the following when you meet with your lender:

Income

• Employment, salary and bonuses, and any other source of income for the past two years (bring your most recent pay stub, previous year’s W-2 forms and tax returns if possible)
• The most recent account statement showing the amount of any dividend and interest income you received during the past two years
• Official documentation to support the amount of any other regular income you may receive (alimony, child support, etc.)

Employment history
Job stability is a factor that a mortgage lender will look for, and two years at your current job helps, but this also is not an absolute requirement. If you change jobs but stay in the same line of work, you should not have a problem — especially if the job change is an advancement or increase in income.

Credit scoreYour credit score also helps to predict how likely you are to repay the mortgage debt.

Personal assets

• Current balances and recent statements for any bank accounts, including checking and savings
• Most recent account statement showing current market value of any investments you may have, such as stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit
• Documentation showing interest in retirement funds
• Face amount and cash value of life insurance policies
• Value of significant pieces of personal property, including automobiles
• Debt Information
• The balances and account numbers of your current loans and debts, including car loans, credit card balances and any other loans you may have

UnderwritingThe lender does the best possible job of ensuring that a borrower qualifies for a loan. The final decision, however, rests with the lender's underwriter, who measures the total risk that the specific investor, who backs up the loan, is taking. Each investor (or investment company) has its own underwriting guidelines (often using statistical models), so while the underwriters evaluate many of the same factors as the lenders, they may look more closely at some areas than others, depending on the guidelines. For example, while the lender may have pre-approved you before you chose a home, by the time you get to underwriting, you will have chosen the property you want to buy, and the underwriter will review the property details closely.

However, most of the information used is the same as that used by the lender, but it may be evaluated differently. The underwriter will evaluate the borrower's ability to pay (income), willingness to pay (credit history), and the collateral (property). As underwriters analyze each of these risks (although this is not a complete list), here are some possible guidelines they may use:

Income

• Is the income sufficient to repay the loan? Ratio guidelines of 28 percent payment-to-income and 36 percent total debt-to-income are standard, but some programs allow for higher ratios.
• Is the income stable from month to month and year to year?
• Has the borrower been on his/her current job and in the same industry for a sufficient amount of time? A minimum of two years is the standard guideline, but exceptions can be made.
• Can the income be verified?

Credit

• Does the borrower have a good credit score (typically, 680 or higher is considered good)?
• Does the borrower have late payments, collections, or a bankruptcy? If so, is there an explanation that can be provided for the late payments/collections/bankruptcy?
• Does the borrower have excessive monthly debts to repay?
• Is the borrower maxed out on credit cards?

Collateral
Is the property worth what the borrower is paying for it? If not, the lender will not loan an amount in excess of the value. If the appraisal comes back less than the offer on the house, sometimes you can renegotiate the terms of the purchase contract with the seller and his/her real estate agent.

Some borrowers agree to purchase the home at the price they originally offer and pay the difference between the loan and the sales price. You need to have disposable cash to do this, and you should assess whether the property is likely to hold its value. You also need to consider the type of loan for which you have qualified. If you need to move suddenly and have a large loan relative to the original value, and the property has not held its value, you could face a difficult cash shortfall when you go to pay off your loan.

Is the property an acceptable type of property, and does it meet coding requirements and zoning restrictions? Is the property comparable to other properties in the area? Surveys are common and are used to get an accurate measurement of the land that goes with the property you are purchasing. The person who prepares the survey should be a licensed land surveyor. The survey shows the location of the land, dimensions of the land and any improvements.

Encroachments are improvements to property that illegally violate another's property or their right to use the property, such as building a fence that is actually on your neighbor's property instead of yours, or constructing a building that crosses from your property to another’s property without their permission. Evidence of encroachments can slow the final approval process.

The downpaymentA downpayment is a percentage of your home's value. The type of mortgage you choose determines the downpayment you will need. It can range from zero to 20 percent, or more if you wish.

A number of loans are available that do not require high downpayments, particularly for first-time home buyers. FHA loans, for example, may require less than 5 percent down, and veterans or those on active duty in the military can obtain loans with no downpayment at all. In addition to downpayment assistance, these programs may have less strict guidelines for loan approval, such as allowing a higher ratio of payment to income or debt to income. They also may accept alternative forms of credit history if you have not established credit through traditional means — credit cards and car loans. For example, a lender could look at the history of utility payments and rent payments to determine credit worthiness.

Several state and federal programs provide downpayment assistance but may have income and other guidelines. To get qualified Click here!